The Human Cell Atlas: A Foundation Model for Biological Discovery

The Human Cell Atlas is evolving from a vast census of cellular diversity to a unified framework that integrates molecular profiling, spatial mapping, and AI-driven computational insights. This study outlines five transformative roles of cell atlases: as cellular censuses, as 3D anatomical maps, as links between genotypes and phenotypes, as 4D developmental trajectories, and as foundational models that unify these dimensions. By leveraging advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, the atlas not only deepens our understanding of cellular systems but also sets the stage for revolutionary applications in medicine, including precision diagnostics and therapies. This unified model positions cell atlases as a cornerstone of future biomedical research and innovation.